Tuesday, June 28, 2016

The Garden as Metaphor

“The garden is one of the two great metaphors for humanity. ......

I didn’t know where to start, but I did know that the garden did not start out as a metaphor. It started out as paradise. Then, as now, the garden is about life and beauty and the impermanence of all living things. The garden is about feeding your children, providing food for the tribe. It’s part of an urgent territorial drive that we can probably trace back to animals storing food.  It’s a competitive display mechanism, like having a prize bull, this greed for the best tomatoes and English tea roses.  It’s about winning; about providing society with superior things; and about proving that you have taste, and good values, and you work hard.  And what a wonderful relief, every so often, to know who the enemy is —because in the garden, the enemy is everything: the aphids, the weather, time.  And so you pour yourself into it, care so much, and see up close so much birth and growth, and beauty and danger and triumph — and then everything dies anyway, right?  But you just keep doing it.”  

Anne Lamott, Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Life, pg 77

Quoted by the character "Red" in Orange is the New Black, Episode 13, Season 4.

Tuesday, February 10, 2015

Yet More Artistic Insects

Now my last post on the early 20th Century French Decorative Arts.  There were many motifs derived from nature in the work of the time, but the insects made me laugh....

The first three depict bees, moths and dragonflies in fairly literal ways, although made from gold, gems, pearls and enamel.

Pendant de Cou Bourdons, or Cisele par Vever, 1908 

R. Lalique - Bijou  1907

Broche Libellules Émaillées par Paul Lienard (1908)
(Enamelled Dragonfly Brooch)
page 774,  La bijouterie française au XIXe siècle (1800-1900). 3 / par Henri Vever 

This brooch and pendant show how the forms or details of insects were incorporated into the line and gesture of designs of the time.  Neither of these depict actual insects but you can see the sweep of wings or the form derived from them,


Bijoux de M.H.Vever

Pendant de cou érable, email, diamants, émeraudes et perle par Georges Fouquet (1906)
Necklace Pendant, maple, enamel, diamonds, emeralds and pearl

These final two have evolved into a human-insect hybrid.  Very graceful, but just a bit creepy.....

 Broche par Lalique
.
Ornement de Corsage Libellule, émaux translucides par Lalique 
(exposition de 1909)  (Dragonfly Corsage Ornament, translucent enamels by Lalique)

Advice From a Caterpillar

Advice from a Caterpillar
"I'm afraid I can't put it more clearly," Alice replied very politely, "for I can't understand[50] it myself to begin with; and being so many different sizes in a day is very confusing."
"It isn't," said the Caterpillar.
"Well, perhaps you haven't found it so yet," said Alice, "but when you have to turn into a chrysalis—you will some day, you know—and then after that into a butterfly, I should think you'll feel it a little queer, won't you?"
"Not a bit," said the Caterpillar.
"Well, perhaps your feelings may be different," said Alice; "all I know is, it would feel very queer to me."

Wasp Bibliography

Copidosoma gloriosum. Fig 200.
Fauna Iberica. Mercet
If you are interested in more information about Copidosoma Floridanus, and to give credit to my sources, here are the links for the bibliography for my post.  Also refer to the links given in that post.

Copidosoma floridanum (Wikipedia)
Sex, food and Death (Washington State Magazine)

A Wasp Wonder

I went looking for cocoons of Looper caterpillars to photograph, and found this.  It is a caterpillar  that has had wasp eggs laid in it.  The parasitised looper curls into an S shape after spinning a cocoon, but will fail to pupate itself.
This wasp, Copidosoma floridanum, has an interesting story that almost made me feel sorry for the caterpillar….Its a a polyembrionic parasitoid that lays its egg in the egg of the caterpillar which then serves as a host for thousands of wasp larvae that will feed off and pupate themselves inside its body.

Copidosoma genus (Copidosoma ratzeburgi)Fig 194. Pg 472. Fauna Iberica. Ricardo Garcia Mercet. Madrid, 1921

The lifecycle of the Copidosoma floridanum wasp.


The parasitic Copidosoma wasp lays one or two eggs in the egg of the Chrysodeixis Moth.  Unlike most eggs, these don't have any yolk or shell, as they will be protected and fed by the Moth egg and later larvae.
Day 1: Wasp lays 2 eggs in newly laid moth egg

When the looper larva emerges from its egg about about 3 days after it was laid, and begins to feed, the Copidosoma wasp eggs begin to reproduce mitotically until there can be thousands of eggs genetically identical to one of the original pair laid inside the caterpillar.  The collection of wasp embryos, called a polymorula is implanted near the caterpillars trachea so they can use the oxygen the host breathes. 
Day 3: Caterpillar hatches and wasp embryo starts to multiply

Over the next 8 days the caterpillar grows and moults 3 times (referred to as being in its 4th “Instar”). The wasp embryos keep multiplying all that time. A small proportion of wasp embryos will hatch and become soldier larvae during this time and they protect the other embryos.
Days 3 to 10: Wasp eggs are multiplying, some hatch as soldiers

Before the last moult of the host caterpillar (in the second half of the fourth instar) most of the wasp embryos begin to undergo morphogenesis, developing into larvae. On the second day after the caterpillars final moult, in the 5th instar (11 or 12 days since the egg was laid) the wasp eggs all hatch and the larvae start to feed on the host - its fluids first, obtaining oxygen from them, and then they eat the entire inside of the caterpillar, once they can breathe for themselves.
Day 11 or 12: Wasp larvae emerge inside the caterpillar and begin to consume it.

The chemicals produced due to the presence of wasp eggs and larvae caused the Looper caterpillar to live longer as a larva (it is a caterpillar for 5 instars instead of the normal 3), and then eventually to build a cocoon, by day 14, just before it dies. 

Day14: Only the skin of the caterpillar remains, full of wasp larvae.
The wasp larvae pupate themselves inside the hosts caterpillars now empty exoskeleton, protected by the cocoon it built.  2 weeks later, adult wasps emerge.  

The shape of the caterpillars head and some legs can still be seen.

Biological Caterpillar Control


The wasps are harmless to humans and are often given as examples of helpful parasitoids that control the population of Looper caterpillars organically. (But they would probably have been killed if I had sprayed with insecticide to control the caterpillars).  However, studies suggest that they may cause more crop damage because they prolong the life of the caterpillar. 

Caterpillar skin broken open, showing white wasp larvae. The wire on the right is about 1mm wide.


Record numbers of Offspring


A Copidosoma floridanum wasp has the record for having the largest recorded brood of any parasitoidal insect - 3,055 individuals.  They are able to have so many offspring in one batch because the embryos multiply themselves mitotically. The wasp only has to carry one or two eggs and they take up a minimum of space in their host by using the moth eggs for food and protection rather than each having their own yolk and “shell”.

Soldier Spite Behaviour


The lifecycle of the C. floridanum is of interest as a model that can be studied to learn more about the evolution of families. The soldier larvae of the C. floridanum are also studied as examples of spite behaviour.

Up to 24% of larvae are soldiers, who are infertile and will die when their siblings develop into pupae. They serve to protect the eggs and larvae from those of other wasps, and to reduce competition in its own siblings.  If the original egg was fertilised, the offspring are all female, and if not they are male. If one of each gender is laid, the female soldiers emerge first and work to destroy male embryos, keeping the female to male balance high.

Unlike other social insects such as bees and ants who show "altruistic" behaviour (because they forgo reproduction in order to help their queen), C.floridanum soldiers show "spite" behaviour in forgoing reproduction and longer life in order to kill others.

Genome Sequenced


The genome of the Copidosoma floridanum is being sequenced by the Human Genome Sequencing Centre as part of the i5K project.  It was chosen because it has a number of special qualities.

  • it is found world wide, 
  • it is of interest to agriculture for biological pest management, 
  • it is already studied as the the best known example of insect polyembrony and its unique caste system, 
  • the nature of its relationship to other important insects like the honey bee in the evolutionary tree,
  • it produces thousands of genetically identical offspring so that there is plenty of identical DNA to work with


What a big story for such a tiny creature found in my garden!


I have not been able to find any copyright free images of the Copidosoma floridanum species; instead here is one of Encyrtus Vitis, a relative in the same family Encyrtidae.

Male (left) and Female (right) Encyrtus Vitis syn
Plate 395. Volume 3. British entomology Published by John Curtis

In searching for a vintage illustration, I found a gem of a book The Life of the Caterpillar, by J.Henri Fabre, published in 1916.  In it he writes of the Pieris rapaea caterpillar (Cabbage White Butterfly) that is parasitised by Microgaster glomeratus.  It is a similar relationship as between C. floridanum and Chrysodeixis eriosoma, except that the wasp larvae leave the dying caterpillar, but remain attached and feed off it until they pupate.  He writes in such poetic language that I have included an excerpt about the synchronicity of the development of both host and parasite.

..."They are stoics who do not forget their duty in the hour of death.".......

Wednesday, February 4, 2015

Plus insectes dans les arts décoratifs.


Some more art nouveau insects, this time some Graphic Design from professional artists and artisans:


New and enl. ed. 1917. Chicago

both by M.P.Verneuil
Les Papillons. Leur Étude Leur Interprétation Décorative
(Butterflies. Their study Their Interpretation Decorative)
Chapter Vignette by Gerrit Willem Dijsselhof, 1893.
in Kunst en Samenleving, (Art and Society) (Dutch)

Juillet de Decembre 1901, Number 12

French Decorative Arts in the Early Twentieth Century

There has been quite a gap since my last post. Lots of things have been distracting me: Christmas, New Year, Summer holidays, back pain, CFS, the start of school, ……  So there is a lot to catch up in telling you about my garden (and a fair bit to do actually IN the garden).

Another distraction has been reading about French Decorative Arts in the late 19th Century and early 20th Century.  (Why? You may ask....but you would regret having to read the tedious answer)

That period coincides with the Art Nouveau, Jugendstil, the Arts and Crafts Movement in England, Deutscher Werkbund in Germany, and Craftsman Style in America and lasted until replaced by Modernism. I love it.

I think what captivated me was that as well as some commentaries on the brilliant works of art produced at the time by talented artists and artisans, I also found some journals and books that were less high brow, such as  the  Journal de la femme de France published as part of La Mode du jour which included designs and advertisements for patterns and kits, for their readers to make at home.  This social history fascinates me.

So since caterpillars and wasps were my obsession when I last posted, in this post I'd like to show you some designs from the era that involve insects.  Not just cute lady beetles and pretty butterflies, though…. 

Papillons, chenilles, sauterelles  (Butterflies, caterpillars and grasshoppers) 
From Animaux, les fleurs, les plantes et leur application à l'art décoratif published in 1890, which you can view all of at  http://gallica.bnf.fr.

Very pretty.  But not what I'd want on my wallpaper. Looking closely at the caterpillars makes me think they might be loopers as there is a section of body in the middle with no legs.

And now a design suggested for an ornamental frieze for the Dining Room.  It is designed to be implemented in pokerwork and tint or dye:

From page 3 of L' Art décoratif pour tous / dir. Léon Ruffe  Number 11, 2nd May 1902 in their D’Atelier de l’Amateur (Studio for the Amateur) section.  

The instructions say to completely burn the black background into plain board, which will then make a very dark background, so colour the snail pattern to give it character. Three colours will suffice.

Now some Embroidery Motifs:

Just the thing for some baby clothes:
La Mode du jour. ["puis" Journal de la femme de France] No. 257, 26 March 1926 

Or some insects on your underclothes?  (I can't say the model looks pleased - and she is a drawing!)
Les Modes de la femme de France, Number 399, 31st December 1922


Or some beetles where you eat breakfast?
Les Modes de la femme de FranceNumber 374, 9th July 1922


The text at the top reads:
"Il existe des insectes ne toutes formes et de toutes couleurs. Certains d'entre eux sont particulièrement jolis et peuvent servir à former des ensembles décoratifs charmants. Nous avons choisi trois de ces insectes et nous avons compose avec eux quatre motifs qui, nous l'espérons, vous plairont." 
"There exist insects of all shapes and colours. Some of them are particularly pretty and can be used to form charming decorative ensembles. We selected three of these insects and we have made with them four motifs which, we hope, you will like."

This beetle, featured in the triangular cushion, is Euchroma sgigas, from Brazil  and is bronze with a green and purple iridescence.  The instructions suggest that he be made from shot taffeta, and that the veins on the wings and spots on the thorax be embroidered in satin stitch.  

Now, I think that one would be pretty!  But I'd still prefer him on the cushion, not the table runner.